FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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31 December 2010

Anggota Polis Tolak Rasuah


Komen:
Elok lah macam itu, walaupun (saguhati) nampak kecil tapi penting untuk menaikkan moral dan semangat anggota polis agar 'jujur' dalam tugas mereka. Anggota polis juga perlukan 'motivasi' dan latihan 'integriti' yang sesuai dari semasa ke semasa. Jangan ingat nak cepat 'kaya.' Lagipun wang rasuah tak berkat.

http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Duapolistolakrasuahterimasaguhati/Article
(31 December 2010)

Dua polis tolak rasuah terima sagu hati

SHAH ALAM: Dua anggota polis daripada Ibu Pejabat Polis Daerah (IPD) Gombak diraikan dalam majlis Pemberian dan Penyampaian Wang Saguhati di atas kejayaan mereka menahan anggota sindiket samun kereta mewah di Lembah Klang dan menolak pemberian wang rasuah RM7,000 yang cuba disogok suspek terbabit.

Allahyarham Koperal Mustafa Othman, 45, dan Lans Korperal Abdullah Ibrahim, 51, tidak menduga lelaki yang ditahan dalam kenderaan mewah BMW pada 24 Mei lalu dekat Pasar Borong Selayang penjenayah. Suspek terbabit cuba merasuah kedua-dua anggota berkenaan menyebabkan mereka menahan suspek sebelum kegiatan lelaki terbabit terbongkar.

Penyampaian sagu hati itu dibuat di Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen (IPK) Selangor disempurnakan Pengarah Jabatan Siasatan Jenayah Bukit Aman, Datuk Seri Mohd Bakri Mohd Zinin kepada Abdullah. Allahyarham Mustafa diwakili balunya, Sarjan Nazita Nokman, 44, yang juga seorang anggota polis dan bertugas di Unit Pengaduan Tatatertib Bukit Aman.

Hadir sama, Ketua Polis Selangor, Datuk Tun Hisan Tun Hamzah dan pegawai kanan polis. Nazita ketika ditemui berkata, suaminya meninggal dunia dalam kemalangan jalan raya pada 27 Mei lalu ketika pulang dari Tanjung Karang selepas mengambil anaknya. “Arwah seorang yang tegas dan berdisiplin dalam tugas,” katanya.


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