FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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09 December 2010

Program Realiti dan Realiti Kehidupan?!

Komen:
Bagaimana mereka menang?? Bukankah mereka ini terpilih daripada ratusan calon, dengan kriteria yang amat ketat?! ... Lakonan saja... Itu lah sejak dulu lagi saya 'anti' program realiti... Tak tengok pun... Maksiat.

http://www.hmetro.com.my/myMetro/articles/Sein_Nanasahbercerai/Article/index_html
(9th December 2010)

Sein, Nana sah bercerai
SHAH ALAM: Bagaikan sudah terkena badi, mahligai perkahwinan juara program realiti Sehati Berdansa musim ketiga, Sein Ruffedge dan Nana menemui titik nokhtah apabila Mahkamah Tinggi Syariah, di sini, membenarkan permohonan perceraian pasangan itu dengan talak satu, semalam.

Sein, 27, atau nama sebenarnya Syed Hussein Syed Mustaffa melafazkan talak pada jam 2.46 petang, selepas mahkamah membenarkan permohonan Nana, 26, yang juga anak bekas Menteri Besar Selangor, Tan Sri Muhammad Muhd Taib untuk berpisah secara baik. Nana yang pernah menyertai rancangan realiti, Mentor musim pertama memfailkan permohonan itu mengikut Seksyen 47 Enakmen Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam Selangor 2003.

Prosiding perceraian berkenaan berlangsung di hadapan Hakim Syarie Zainor Rashid Hassin dan Nana atau nama sebenarnya, Noor Diyana Muhammad diwakili peguam syarie, Zuri Zabudin Budiman. Sein bagaimanapun tidak diwakili peguam syarie.

Terdahulu, Zuri Zabudin memberitahu, permohonan untuk bercerai itu difailkan berikutan pasangan terbabit tidak lagi mempunyai persefahaman dalam rumah tangga yang dibina sejak Julai 2006. “Pasangan ini tidak dapat lagi menjalani kehidupan sebagai suami dan isteri dan wujud perbalahan berpanjangan. Mereka masih serumah tetapi tidak tidur bersama. Pelbagai usaha sudah dijalankan tetapi tiada jalan penyelesaian,” katanya. Zainor Rashid selepas mendengar lafaz itu mensabitkan gugur talak satu kali pertama secara rajie terhadap Nana dan memerintahkan dia untuk beredah selama tiga kali suci.

Beliau juga memerintahkan supaya perceraian itu didaftarkan di Pejabat Agama Daerah Petaling dan surat nikah pasangan tersebut dibatalkan. Sein dan Nana mendirikan rumah tangga pada Julai 2006 dan hasil perkongsian hidup mereka dikurniakan dua cahayamata, Syed Tamriz Al-Qudsy, 3, dan Sharifah Inaiya Al-Qudsy, 1. Sein yang kini aktif sebagai pelakon dan pernah menjayakan drama bersiri ‘Adamaya’ bergandingan dengan Lisa Surihani. Dia juga pernah muncul sebagai pelakon undangan dalam Hotel Mania terbitan KRU Studio selain membintangi filem Sepi arahan Khabir Bhatia. Sein dan Nana adalah pasangan peserta Sehati Berdansa terbaru yang tidak dapat mempertahankan rumah tangga mereka. Sebelum ini, pasangan Asheed Def-Gab-C, Atilia, Dira Abu Zahar, Radhi OAG, Sabrina Ali dan Anne Ngasri turut menerima nasib sama. Pengacara Fahrin Ahmad yang menjalinkan hubungan dengan Linda Onn dan Scha Al Yahya ketika mengacara program ini turut berdepan kontroversi panas.
[Alamak... Macam tuhan tak restu program realiti ini... Macam-macam musibah ditimpa!]

Sementara itu, pada prosiding sama, mahkamah juga merekodkan persetujuan bersama Nana meliputi nafkah edah, mutaah dan harta sepencarian serta hak penjagaan dua anak mereka.




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