FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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14 January 2011

Debat Dengan Saya Dulu - UHafilda


Komen:


10 tahun lalu, saya kesian dan kagum dengan kebolehan Anwar, tetapi kini persepsi saya sudah tukar, kini saya nampak Anwar sebagai 'opportunist' yang akan menghancurkan negara demi perjuangan politik yg tidak 'bersih.' Anwar kini takut akan bayang-bayang UMNO, dan bekas ahli PKR, dan individu tertentu, yg akan menjatuhkan Anwar, atau menyebabkan Anwar dimasukkan semula kedlm penjara, jikalau Anwar tidak mendapat/mencapai/menguasai kuasa politik tertinggi negara.

Anwar pernah dimasukkan ke dlm penjara, kini Anwar berjanji yg dia tidak akan dimasukkan ke dlm penjara lagi, itu lah tindak-tanduknya (dan strategi Anwar) nampak mcm drastik dan desperado. Lihatlah laporan media-massa, dan nilai lah sendiri (jikalau anda bukan buta).

Dlm Islam pun, disuruh kita menyokong pemimpin yang bersih dan telus!

Cara Hafilda pun saya tidak suka, dia guna 'seks' (salah laku seks) sebagai laluan utk menjatuhkan orang, dia pun nampak mcm tak bersih, orang mcm dia pun perlu dijaga.

http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2011&dt=0114&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Muka_Hadapan&pg=mh_01.htm

Debat dengan saya dulu – Ummi Hafilda

Oleh FAIZAH IZZANI ZAKARIA
pengarang@utusan.com.my


UMMI Hafilda Ali menunjukkan antara dokumen yang akan dijadikan bukti dalam kes saman yang akan difailkan di mahkamah pada sidang akhbar di USJ, Subang Jaya, Selangor, semalam. – utusan/Abdul Razak Latif

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KUALA LUMPUR 13 Jan. – Ummi Hafilda Ali mencabar Ketua Pembangkang, Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim untuk berdebat dengannya terlebih dahulu berhubung kebenaran kes salah laku seks beliau sebelum mencabar pihak lain. Katanya, Anwar tidak perlu berdebat dengan Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak tentang Pelan 100 Hari yang dicadangkan pakatan pembangkang kerana ia tidak memberi sebarang faedah.

“Saya cabar Anwar berdebat dengan saya. Saya juga cabar Azmin Ali untuk berdebat dengan saya sebelum berdebat dengan Perdana Menteri,” katanya pada sidang akhbar di sini hari ini. Turut hadir pada sidang akhbar itu ialah penasihat undang-undang Ummi Hafilda, Mohd. Khairul Azam Abd. Aziz.

Ummi Hafilda yang pernah menjadi saksi penting kes liwat Anwar pada 1998 turut mencabar Penasihat Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) itu dan Azmin melakukan sumpah laknat bagi membuktikan mereka tidak terbabit dalam segala kes salah laku seks yang didedahkannya ketika itu

“Saya juga mencabar Anwar masuk ke mana-mana masjid bagi membuat sumpah laknat untuk menafikan segala dakwaan yang dikemukakan saya sebelum ini jika betul dia tidak terbabit dengan perbuatan itu,” katanya.

Ummi Hafilda juga dalam pada itu bersumpah dia tidak pernah menerima sebarang bayaran atau upah daripada bekas Perdana Menteri, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad atau kerajaan ekoran pendedahan tentang salah laku Anwar ketika itu.

“Saya bersumpah dengan nama Allah bahawa saya tidak pernah menerima walau satu sen pun upah ketika itu. Jika saya berbohong maka saya akan dilaknat. Ummi Hafilda berkata, dia akan mengemukakan semua bukti penting berhubung perilaku Anwar dan yang lain di mahkamah melalui saman yang akan difailkan nanti.

Sebelum ini, Ummi Hafilda menyatakan akan memfailkan saman berjumlah RM700 juta terhadap Anwar, Azmin, Wan Azizah, peguam Karpal Singh dan parti Pas kerana salah laku mereka terhadapnya pada 1997. Daripada jumlah itu, saman terhadap Anwar berjumlah RM300 juta dibuat atas dakwaan salah guna kuasa selaku Timbalan Perdana Menteri pada 1997 yang mengarahkan dia ditangkap dan didera bagi mendapatkan pengakuan palsu berhubung skandal seks.

Selain itu, Ummi Hafilda bakal memfailkan saman berjumlah RM200 juta terhadap Karpal, RM100 juta terhadap Wan Azizah dan RM100 juta lagi terhadap Pas. Dalam pada itu, dia juga bercadang menjelajah ke seluruh negara bagi menerangkan kepada rakyat berhubung salah laku Anwar dan konco-konconya. “Tidak ada sebab untuk saya takut. Malah saya tahu Anwar memang takut kepada saya sebab itu dia tidak menyaman apabila saya menulis dalam blog mengenai segala yang dia buat,” katanya.


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Comment:


Anwar thought that he was safe when he took Azmin Ali as his 'righthand man', hence avoiding Hafilda legal sue. How wrong Anwar thought was.

IF this is not for the political benefit of Hafilda, then what is?! (See news below).


Sister against brother? Ummi Hafilda to campaign for BN in next polls!

By Adib Zalkapli

PETALING JAYA, Jan 13 — Ummi Hafilda Ali, a key witness in Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim’s first sodomy trial, vowed today to actively campaign for Barisan Nasional (BN) in the next general election. Ummi claimed that her presence in BN’s campaign would prevent a repeat of Election 2008 when the coalition lost its customary two-thirds parliamentary majority for the first time.

“If anyone is willing to invite me, I will go. Some may say Anwar is a great orator but I know he is afraid of me,” she said at a press conference here. Prior to Election 2008, the sister of PKR deputy president Azmin Ali was active in addressing Umno-organised rallies where she related her experience in exposing Anwar’s alleged sexual misconduct to former Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad.

Anwar was later convicted for abuse of power and sodomy and was released in 2004 after the sodomy conviction was overturned by the Federal Court, but is currently on trial for allegedly sodomising his former aide in 2008.

Ummi resurfaced recently and appeared on the front page of Umno-owned Utusan Malaysia last month where she urged Azmin to repent. “In the 12th general election, when I did not take part in the campaign, you could see how arrogant Anwar was when spreading lies, because of his lies we lost five states to the opposition,” Ummi said.

“If I go around the country campaigning that will be the end of Anwar because I know his secrets,” she added. She stressed that even without invitation from Umno she would still proceed with her nationwide tour.

“I have my strategy, but I understand if the government does not want to be involved as they may be tired of the accusation by Anwar that the government has been involved in a conspiracy against him,” said Ummi, who claims to be an Umno member.

“But for me I have no reason to be afraid, in fact I’m challenging him for a debate, there is no need for him to debate with the prime minister,” she added, referring to Anwar’s challenge to Najib for a debate on the national economy.

She is also planning to file several lawsuits against Pakatan Rakyat (PR) leaders for allegedly defaming her and for attempting to cover up Anwar’s alleged crime. She said she has been in discussion with her lawyer to sue Anwar, his lawyer Karpal Singh, PAS central committee member Mohamad Sabu and PKR president Datuk Seri Dr Wan Azizah Ismail. – The Malaysian Insider

Also see:
http://alhaj.wordpress.com/2011/01/13/hafilda-and-azmin-sister-against-brother/




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