FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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26 February 2011

Gaddafi Vows to Fight as Opposition Closes In


COMMENT:

WHEN you were first elected as President or Prime Minister, and you already has plan 'NOT TO STEP DOWN', then you are already a CONFIRM dictator from day one! ABSOLUTE POWER CORRUPTS ABSOLUTELY, haven't these leaders learnt anything from HISTORY ?!

Gaddafi WON the wars decades ago, and boosted of their great support by the people /citizens, when the US and Israel warplanes discriminately bombed the cities and killed many innocent civillians (See, 'Libya' at Wikipedia, 2011). But today, since 21-22 February 2011, it’s a different story all together. It’s the Libya long time leader that is bombing his ‘beloved’ citizens. So who is the ‘big criminal’ now?!

HISTORY has time and again shown that BIG world leaders (and dictators) are brought down by their own people (not necessarily by foreign forces). Thats because the people are all too fed-up by decades of oppresion, press control, military and police brutality, and state control wealth (e.g. petroleum, gold, diamond, etc.), where tons of dollars are pocket into these leader and cronies private bank accounts, instead of for the people's development, prosperity and well-being - SO you see, its NOT that all difficult to catch the 'whole picture' of the state-of-affairs, IF these leaders (dictators) really wants to see the real picture (least they are really blind or MAD/Insane/crazy/psychiatrically disordered)[Encarta ®World English Dictionary, 2005]

Note: BUT its a really sad picture that al-Gaddafi now involved his sons into his own battle. It may all end really bad where al-Gaddafi may killed himself (suicide), and his sons may eventually face the International Court of Justice, for war crime and against humanitarian.

Maria Golovnina and Ahmed Jadallah, Reuters February 26, 2011, 12:06 pm

TRIPOLI (Reuters) - Muammar al-Gaddafi vowed to "crush any enemy" on Friday, addressing supporters in central Tripoli as Libya's popular uprising closed in around him and Western powers set about punishing him for attacks on his own people. "We will fight if they want," the 68-year-old leader declared after a day of clashes in parts of the capital between security forces and crowds of protesters, which Gaddafi's opponents said had left some districts in their hands. With eastern Libya firmly under opposition control after a week of unrest, protesters held the centre of Zawiyah, west of the capital, a witness said, and laid makeshift defences to fend off government forces after successive fierce attacks.

Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam, talking to foreign journalists flown to Tripoli under escort, acknowledged his forces had "a problem" there and in the city of Misrata, 200 km (120 miles) east of Tripoli. But everywhere else was calm, he said, and talk of state brutality merely "lies" put about by hostile media. Residents of the capital took a different view. "There have been gunshots non-stop," one woman said, who spoke of a friend seeing people shot down by security forces in the Souk al-Jumaa neighbourhood. "She saw them shoot straight at the protesters."

The United States, which in recent years had a rapprochement with Gaddafi, was preparing sanctions and would not rule out military action. "His legitimacy has been reduced to zero in the eyes of his people," said President Barack Obama's spokesman. The U.N. Security Council also drafted possible sanctions including an arms embargo, travel bans and freezing top officials' assets, and threatened the Libyan leadership with indictments for crimes against humanity.

Western powers, with whom Gaddafi has exploited Libya's oil after years of diplomatic isolation, have struggled to keep up with the pace of protests that have swept away Western-backed strongmen in neighbouring Egypt and Tunisia already this year. Gaddafi's own people seemed close to forcing him from power, although it is hard to assess the relative strengths of forces, which include irregular, tribal loyalists and militias backing Gaddafi and regular army units now gone over to the rebels.

Al Jazeera television said two people had been killed and several wounded by government forces in heavy shooting in several districts. Another channel, Al Arabiya, said seven people had been killed. Movement for journalists was restricted. A former ally of Gaddafi has said he would go down "like Hitler" after World War Two rather than surrender.

U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay said "thousands" may have been killed or injured by Gaddafi's forces in the uprising, and called for international intervention to protect civilians. One Libyan medical charity was quoted by Al Arabiya as saying 2,000 had died in Benghazi alone. Washington, having evacuated Americans from Libya after days of difficulties, said it was closing down its embassy. Gaddafi, once branded a "mad dog" by the White House for backing global militants, had in recent years sought cooperation with the West. Protesters in Zawiyah, an oil refining town on the main coastal highway 50 km (30 miles) west of Tripoli, fought off government forces on several nights, according to witnesses who fled across the Tunisian border at Ras Jdir. "There are corpses everywhere ... It's a war in the true sense of the word," said Akila Jmaa, who crossed into Tunisia on Friday after travelling from the town.

REBEL CONTROL

He said earlier his family had no intention of leaving. "We have plans A, B and C. Plan A is to live and die in Libya. Plan B is to live and die in Libya. Plan C is to live and die in Libya," he told Turkey's CNN Turk television. A Tripoli resident who asked not to be identified said in an e-.mail pro-Gaddafi forces had opened fire on a protest march in the Janzour district in western Tripoli after Friday prayers. Hadar, a businessman, said by telephone: "I saw two men fall down and someone told me they were shot in the head." Ali, another businessman who declined to give his full name, said by phone he had been with a crowd near a mosque on a road leading to Green Square. "They just started shooting people. People are being killed by snipers but I don't know how many."

The World Food Program said accounts from people fleeing the violence indicated shortages of food, fuel and medical supplies, exacerbated by port closures. Libya's Ambassador to the U.N. Abdurrahman Shalgam, who defected this week, said the ruling family had thrown down the gauntlet. "Muammar Gaddafi and his sons are telling Libyans 'we either rule you or kill you'" he told Al Jazeera.

(Additional reporting by Alexander Dziadosz, Tom Pfeiffer and Mohammed Abbas in eastern Libya, Michael Georgy on the Tunisian border, Christian Lowe in Algiers, Marie-Louise Gumuchian in Rabat, Ali Abdelatti and Aly Eldaly in Cairo, Amena Bakr in Riyadh, Stephanie Nebehay and Robert Evans in Geneva; Writing by Kevin Liffey and Philippa Fletcher; Editing by Andrew Roche and Alastair Macdonald)




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