FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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24 February 2011

More Killings in Libya Expected as Gaddafi Vows to Stay in Power


Comment:
"I don't understand, why did the people not appreciate my decades of efforts that bring the country to great prosperity and progress?" [That's what ALL dictators say to themselves and to their people, when things get really wrong, or when a coup happens. What these dictators don't see (or are too disillusion to see) are how the people saw them as 'Decades of fright, and fear, and no freedom of press, or speech, and when these dictators leave the countries, tons of gold and diamonds, and petrol dollars (of the people wealth) are wired to international bank accounts overseas. The atrocities and plunders just never stop. And IF the people are lucky, only a hand full of these dictators will make it to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for trial].

http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/world/8895775/egyptians-flee-libya-as-gaddafi-vows-to-end-revolt/

Egyptians flee Libya as Gaddafi vows to end revolt
Tom Pfeiffer, Reuters February 24, 2011, 6:16 am

SALUM, Egypt (Reuters) - Minibuses packed with Egyptian workers and belongings piled high on the roof-racks crossed into Egypt from Libya on Wednesday after a revolt that triggered political and economic turmoil in the oil producer. Some Egyptians fled for fear of more bloodshed after Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, in power since 1969, vowed to crush a revolt that may have left as many as 1,000 people dead, according to Italy's estimate of the death toll.

"I fled. Gaddafi is killing the people, why should I stay? We will die if we stay. He gave the people 24 hours to stop the protesters," said Mahmoud Hadiya, 28, a builder who has been working for 18 months in the OPEC member. "I packed my bags as soon as his speech was over. To die in our country is better than to die there. I will try to find a job in Egypt," he said, referring to Gaddafi's defiant speech on Tuesday evening.

Some 17,000 Egyptians fleeing the violence arrived in the Egyptian border town of Salum on Tuesday and Wednesday, said Mohamed Abdel-Hakam, consular affairs assistant to Egypt's Foreign Minister Ahmed Aboul Gheit. The minister has said 1-1.5 million Egyptians live in Libya.

Abdel-Hakem told reporters in Cairo that two Egyptians had been shot dead in the violence.

NO ONE IN CHARGE

Gaddafi has lost control of a chunk of the country, at least from Egypt's border to Benghazi, more than 500 km (310 miles) away. Libya's oil comes mostly from south of Benghazi. On the Libyan side of the border, no one appeared to be in charge. Young men armed with kalashnikovs and dressed in battle fatigues dashed around directing the migrants. Passport checks were hurried and cursory. Men barked orders at each other.

On the wall of one building was scrawled "down crazy Gaddafi." Egypt has sent military and civilian planes to Libya to evacuate its citizens. Abdel-Hakem said a total of eight flights each brought about 320 Egyptians home on Tuesday and Wednesday. "I never saw anything like this in my life. I saw so much terrible violence, so much blood since Thursday. I saw hundreds of dead. If you go to the hospital you will not believe your eyes," said Ali Ahmed Ali, 53, an Egyptian construction worker who had been employed in Benghazi.

Egypt, where about 40 percent of the population live on $2 or less a day, relies heavily on remittances from its nationals working abroad, particularly those working in Arab oil producing countries such as Libya and the Gulf states.

"After the protests, the owners of the companies and engineers left. Thieves came to steal the company cars and they began beating us. I worked three months and I've not been paid as the company was closed," said Ali, who is from Assiut in southern Egypt. "Last night there was the sound of shooting across Benghazi after Gaddafi's speech," he said. "I left at 3 a.m., taking nothing with me, no money, no belongings."

The U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees called on Wednesday for Tunisia and Egypt to maintain open borders for people fleeing the Libyan violence. "Given the continued reports of violence and human rights abuses inside Libya it is imperative that people fleeing the country are able to reach safety," it said in a statement.



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