FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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22 February 2011

LIBYA Jets Bomb Depots (and Civilians) !


COMMENTS:

Decades ago, Libyan leaders can boost of their great support by the citizens, when the US and Israel warplanes discriminately bombed the cities and killed many innocent civillians (Wikipedia, 2011). But today, since 21-22 February 2011, it’s a different story all together. It’s the Libya long time leader that is bombing his ‘beloved’ citizens. So who is the ‘big criminal’ now?!

Times have changed, the Libyan people are now not afraid to voice out their wish for a democratic country, a country where the wealth of the nation is shared with the people (as opposed to keeping the petrol dollars under Muammar Gaddafi’s name, or his children’s name, or his close relatives and close friends).

Its seems that now Muammar al-Gaddafi is busy transferring his money (or is it his people’s money) to overseas banks’ accounts [But, definitely not the Swiss Bank, as he has issue with that bank]. Quickly fled now with tons of money, or face possible misery soon, that’s what all dictators do and think.

Free Advise: OR is it the US high level conspiracy to get rid of its ‘old long time enemy’ (Muammar al-Gaddafi)?? What ever is the so-called theory, Muammar al-Gaddafi should have ‘peaceful dialogues’ with his people, and allow for a ‘peaceful’ transition of power, and encourage Islamic democracy, and not be engulfed by sentiments of anger towards his people (by starting to bomb them, or shoot them in the streets). Which would eventually spiral more anger and hate, as of the cases in Tunisia, Egypt, and Sudan.


Other Related Comment:

Some rulers/leaders (and even organization directors), when they rule for quiet a long time, they sometimes get what we call a ‘disillusion affects’ of ‘I am the king’, ‘You all need me', 'You all cannot live without me’, .... and in the worst case scenario, ‘I am your saviour!' (and tend to relate themselves with 'God-like image'... This happens not only in the ancient world in China, India, Egypt, Sudan, UK, France, Germany, Thailand, and Vietnam, to name a few, but also in today's high tech world of the new millennium.

Time and again, HISTORY has vividly shown that ITS the people's power that bring down tyrant kings and queens, and corrupted dictators ! I wonder IF these leaders ever learn from HISTORY.

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http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/world/8881421/italy-on-alert-as-libyan-jet-pilots-flee/
(22 Feb 2011)

Libya jets bomb arms depots
AAP February 22, 2011, 9:28 am

Seif al-Islam, the son of Muammar Gaddafi, says Libyan armed forces had launched air strikes on arms depots outside urban areas, state television reports quoting the official Jana news agency. " The armed forces have bombarded arms depots situated far from populated areas," the broadcaster reported in a banner across the screen.

There had been reports from Libya that warplanes had begun indiscriminate bombing across the capital, leaving scores dead, as long-time leader Muammar Gaddafi clings to power.

Two Libyan air force colonels had fled to the Mediterranean island of Malta in fighter jets saying they had refused orders to bomb protesters. The men said they were forced to flee their base in eastern Benghazi when it was taken over by protesters.

"One of the pilots requested political asylum" after the two descended from their single-seater Mirage F1 jets, a government spokesman said. "The armed forces have bombarded arms depots situated far from populated areas," the broadcaster reported in a banner across the screen.

There had been reports from Libya that warplanes had begun indiscriminate bombing across the capital, leaving scores dead, as long-time leader Muammar Gaddafi clings to power.



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