FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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05 August 2013

Anggota tentera maut motosikal berlanggar kereta peronda polis !



Komen:

Kes disiasat di bawah Seksyen 41(1) Akta Pengangkutan Jalan 1987, kerana memandu secara melulu, atau membahayakan sehingga menyebabkan kematian.

Kalau polis memandu secara merbahaya dan/atau melulu, sehingga menyebabkan kematian orang awam, macam mana? Boleh dimaafkan? 

Atau mereka berada diatas undang-undang, dan tidak boleh dikenakan tindakan undang-undang negara?!

* Nota: Hari tu rakan saya ada memohon masuk polis, pakai SPM & Diploma, bila sudah dapat jawatan tersebut, dia semacam kebal sekarang. Tidak boleh ditegur dan dgn senang dapat elak dikenakan tindakan undang-undang. Jangan sampai macam tu ?! 

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http://my.news.yahoo.com/anggota-tentera-maut-motosikal-berlanggar-kereta-peronda-polis-080410259.html  (5 August 2013)

Anggota tentera maut motosikal berlanggar kereta peronda polis

Bernama Media

 SANDAKAN, 4 Ogos (Bernama) -- Seorang anggota tentera maut apabila motosikalnya berlanggar dengan kereta peronda polis di Batu 7, Jalan Kem Tentera dekat sini malam tadi.
Ketua Polis Daerah Sandakan, ACP Rowell Marong berkata mangsa dikenali sebagai Muhammad Fahruruzi Sidin, 25, dari Batalion Ke-22 Rejimen Askar Melayu Diraja Kem Sri Kinabatangan di sini.
"Siasatan awal mendapati nahas itu berlaku kira-kira pukul 9.10 malam ketika kereta peronda berkenaan dalam perjalanan dari Kampung Sungai Kayu ke Taman Airport untuk membuat rondaan cegah jenayah.
"Apabila tiba di tempat kejadian, kereta peronda itu telah masuk ke simpang sebelah kanan lalu berlanggar dengan motosikal mangsa yang datang dari arah Taman Fajar.
"Akibat kejadian itu, mangsa yang mengalami cedera parah dihantar ke Hospital Duchess of Kent, Sandakan dan meninggal dunia ketika menjalani rawatan pada pukul 10 malam," katanya.
Kes disiasat di bawah Seksyen 41 (1) Akta Pengangkutan Jalan 1987 kerana memandu secara melulu atau membahayakan sehingga menyebabkan kematian.
Rowell berkata saksi kejadian diminta tampil bagi membantu siasatan atau menghubungi Pegawai Penyiasat, Insp Wan Hazizie ditalian 089-242222 sambungan 254.
-- BERNAMA
PPAG HG HM

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