FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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12 August 2013

Kaji semula kursus kahwin elak pasangan mudah bercerai !


http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/Dalam_Negeri/20130811/dn_03/Kaji-semula-kursus-kahwin-elak-pasangan-mudah-bercerai  (11 Aug 2013)

Kaji semula kursus kahwin elak pasangan mudah bercerai




KUALA LUMPUR 10 Ogos - Pelaksanaan kursus perkahwinan perlu dikaji semula bagi memastikan pasangan yang bakal berkahwin lebih bersedia dan tabah mengharungi konflik rumahtangga.

Perunding Syariah dan Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam, Zainal Abidin Yahaya berkata, ini berikutan kursus disediakan kini kurang menepati keperluan serta ilmu pengetahuan tentang perkahwinan yang menyebabkan kes penceraian berleluasa.

Paling ketara katanya, pasangan Muslim gagal memahami erti serta tujuan perkahwinan yang merupakan fitrah dalam konteks agama Islam. ''Mereka tidak mempunyai daya ketahanan yang tinggi dalam menghadapi masalah rumahtangga selain didikan agama yang kurang menjadikan semangat mereka lemah.

''Sepatutnya, kursus perkahwinan membantu mereka mempersiapkan minda serta emosi dalam mengharungi alam rumahtangga untuk mengelakkan berlakunya penceraian,'' katanya ketika dihubungi di sini hari ini.
Semalam Bernama melaporkan terdapat purata tiga kes penceraian bagi setiap jam dalam kalangan pasangan Muslim di negara ini.

Menurut Pengerusi Majlis Perunding Wanita Islam Malaysia (MPWIM), Prof. Madya Datin Noor Aziah Mohd. Awal, maklumat itu diperolehi daripada kajiannya terhadap statistik penceraian Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (Jakim) 2011. Katanya, secara purata, terdapat 70 kes penceraian dilaporkan sehari, 2,000 kes sebulan dan 25,000 kes setahun di seluruh negara.

Sementara itu, Pakar Perunding Keluarga, Wan Akashah Wan Abd. Hamid berpendapat, kajian tentang punca masalah pasangan Muslim negara ini perlu dilaksanakan segera bagi menangani kes penceraian yang semakin meningkat.

"Langkah ini penting memandangkan tekanan ekonomi serta sosial yang terpaksa dihadapi menyebabkan golongan tersebut melihat penceraian sebagai langkah mudah untuk menyelesaikan masalah mereka.
"Selain itu, penghayatan tentang keperluan perkahwinan serta tanggungjawab suami isteri perlu ditekankan dalam setiap individu yang berhasrat mendirikan rumahtangga,'' katanya.


Artikel Penuh: http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/Dalam_Negeri/20130811/dn_03/Kaji-semula-kursus-kahwin-elak-pasangan-mudah-bercerai#ixzz2bfocyoQN
 


Komen:

Selain tekanan ekonomi, masalah kekurangan didikan agama, pasangan muda ini juga terdedah kpd fenomena kebebesan sosial, seperti, free-thinking, sekuralisme, materialisme iaitu fahaman yang mementingkan kebendaan/kemewahan semata-mata, dan hedonisme iaitu fahaman yang mementingkan keseronokan, kecantikan, semata-mata - dan pendedahan kpd media/filem Barat serta drama Melayu (yg dipengaruhi oleh idea Barat, yang mementingkan materialisme dan hedonisme).

Patutlah pening-lalat kementerian tertentu di dlm mengatasi masalah perceraian di kalangan umat Islam masa kini. Polisi mana lagi yg tak betul-cukup, program apa lagi yang tak betul-cukup ?! Pun begitu, sesuatu PERLU dilakukan dgn kadar segera utk mengatasi masalah tersebut !

 


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