FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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22 August 2013

Wanita arah anak dibunuh !


http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Atuk_nenekbrutal//Article
(22 Aug 2013)

Atuk, nenek brutal

Oleh Mohd Jamilul Anbia Md Denin
Sungai Siput: Hanya kerana wang RM36 yang hilang, satu pasangan suami isteri warga emas bergaduh hingga menyebabkan kedua-duanya cedera parah dalam kejadian di kampung baru, di sini, kelmarin.
Dalam kejadian jam 12 tengah hari kelmarin, pasangan terbabit ‘berperang’ apabila si isteri berusia 66 tahun menuduh suaminya yang berusia 73 tahun mencuri wang. 
Sumber polis berkata, tuduhan isterinya menyebabkan si suami menetak kepala isterinya dengan parang, manakala si isteri mempertahankan dirinya dengan tukul besi.

Berdasarkan siasatan awal, si isteri berjaya merampas parang yang digunakan suaminya itu sebelum membalas serangan dengan menetak suaminya pula.
Foto
PETUGAS ambulans memeriksa kecederaan lelaki terbabit.

“Tidak cukup dengan itu, si isteri turut menyimbah minyak panas ke atas suaminya menyebabkan mangsa menjerit kesakitan yang didengari jiran mereka.

Foto
WANITA terbabit memeriksa kecederaan dialami.

PROS:
1- The couple are blessed to have lived such a long life.
2- The couple has been together for 50 years or more!

CONS:
1- The couple are living a life of suspicion and paranoia, and distrust of each other, on a daily basis!
2- Why then did the couple not moved out and stay separate? Yes, but where, who will pay the house rent?
3- Day in and day out, eating to stay alive, but for what purpose? (To maintain the body, that's all, eat and shit that's all, no benefits to society or to self, or to religion).
4- Both have a high level of distrust towards each other, and both are BAD tempers!
5- Bad temper is one issue, but to CHOP each other up, is another major CRIME.
6- I wonder where their kids gone to? (Do their children still care for them? Why not?).
7- This does not seem to be a GOOD life, or a meaningful life ?!


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http://www.hmetro.com.my/myMetro/articles/Wanitaarahanakdibunuhditahan/Article
(22 Aug 2013)

Wanita arah anak dibunuh

Johannesburg: Polis Afrika Selatan semalam menahan seorang wanita berusia 50 tahun kerana mengarahkan dua anak lelakinya dibunuh dalam usahanya untuk untuk menuntut bayaran insurans.
Polis berkata, wanita dari selatan Durban itu mengupah seorang saudaranya untuk melakukan pembunuhan terbabit, tetapi lelaki berkenaan melaporkan perkara itu kepada polis. 
Lelaki berkenaan meminta bayaran sebanyak AS$2,400 (RM7,895) untuk melakukan tugas itu, tetapi suspek meminta jumlah itu dikurangkan atas alasan keluarga.

“Motif utama pembunuhan ialah suspek ingin menuntut bayaran insurans yang dibeli untuk dua anak lelakinya,” kata polis. - AFP


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