FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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04 August 2013

Graduan Melayu di Diskriminasi (di Sector Swasta) !



http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/Dalam_Negeri/20130605/dn_02/Graduan-Melayu-didiskriminasi
(04 August 2013)

Graduan Melayu didiskriminasi

Oleh NIZAM YATIM dan AZRUL HAKIMIE ANUER
pengarang@utusan.com.my

KUALA LUMPUR 4 Jun - Satu kajian yang dilakukan seorang penyelidik sebuah universiti awam mengesahkan wujud diskriminasi terhadap graduan Melayu yang memohon pekerjaan di syarikat swasta yang majoriti dimiliki kaum Cina dan asing.
Menurut kajian itu, faktor kaum lebih diutamakan berbanding kualiti pendidikan dengan graduan kaum Cina menjadi pilihan untuk dipanggil temu duga berbanding kaum Melayu yang merupakan penduduk teramai di negara ini.

Kajian selama enam bulan itu mendapati, syarikat yang dimiliki oleh kaum Cina dan pihak asing lebih mengutamakan graduan kaum Cina untuk bekerja dengan mereka.

"Daripada lebih 3,000 resume yang dihantar kepada syarikat terbabit, kaum Melayu hanya mempunyai 4.2 peratus peluang untuk dipanggil menghadiri temu duga.

"Kaum Cina pula mempunyai sebanyak 22.1 peratus peluang walaupun mereka mempunyai kelulusan setara dan lepasan universiti sama dengan kaum Melayu," menurut kajian itu.

Kajian tersebut hanya melibatkan graduan yang baru menamatkan pengajian daripada institusi pengajian tinggi awam (IPTA) dan swasta (IPTS) tempatan yang memohon bekerja dalam bidang kejuruteraan, perakaunan dan kewangan.

Menurut kajian itu, graduan daripada IPTA yang dikenali dan diiktiraf iaitu Universiti Malaya (UM), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) dan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) lebih diutamakan majikan.

"Sambutan majikan terhadap graduan IPTS adalah rendah dan hanya graduan Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) termasuk kaum Melayu yang belajar di situ menjadi pilihan terutama dalam bidang perakaunan.

"Graduan kaum Melayu yang boleh menulis, bertutur dan membaca dalam bahasa Cina juga lebih berkemungkinan dipanggil menghadiri temu duga berbanding yang tidak mempunyai kebolehan itu," mengikut kajian itu.

Kajian itu merumuskan supaya kerajaan memandang serius isu berkenaan bagi memastikan diskriminasi terhadap graduan Melayu tidak berterusan.

"Sudah sampai masa kerajaan menerusi Kementerian Sumber Manusia menggubal Akta Peluang Saksama dan menubuhkan sebuah suruhanjaya bagi memantau pelaksanaan akta ini supaya tiada sebarang diskriminasi berlaku di negara ini," menurut kajian itu. 


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