FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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08 June 2018

SPRM - Amaun yang diterima RM2.6 bilion didapati adalah bayaran derma !


SOURCE:
http://www.kosmo.com.my/terkini/rm2-6-bilion-diterima-najib-kini-tertakluk-pemeriksaan-lanjut-lhdn-1.687482

RM2.6 bilion diterima Najib kini tertakluk pemeriksaan lanjut - LHDN


Sabin Samitah

Sabin Samitah

PUTRAJAYA - Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri (LHDN) berkata, RM2.6 bilion yang diterima bekas Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak kini tertakluk kepada pemeriksaan lanjut.
Ketua Pegawai Eksekutifnya, Datuk Seri Sabin Samitah berkata, susulan pendedahan oleh Ketua Pesuruhjaya Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia (SPRM), Datuk Seri Shukri Abdull dan siasatan yang sedang dijalankan berhubung semua isu berkaitan 1Malaysia Development Bhd (1MDB), kedudukan cukai bagi wang RM2.6 bilion yang diputuskan pada 16 Februari 2016 itu kini tertakluk untuk pemeriksaan.
Pada 16 Februari 2016, berdasarkan pada dapatan dibuat oleh agensi itu yang ditugaskan untuk menyiasat wang berkenaan, amaun yang diterima didapati adalah bayaran derma serta bersifat sukarela dan dengan itu bukan bercirikan pendapatan, katanya.
Oleh itu katanya, mengikut prinsip am percukaian berhubung pembayaran secara sukarela seumpama itu, ia bukan pendapatan yang tertakluk untuk dicukai di bawah Akta Cukai Pendapatan 1967.
"Pembayaran secara sukarela mungkin berubah cirinya dan tertakluk dicukai jika ia diberikan secara berulang kali, sebagai pertimbangan bagi perkhidmatan diberikan, sebagai balasan bagi sebarang faedah dalam apa-apa bentuk atau amaun digunakan dalam kegiatan perniagaan bagi membolehkan operasi perniagaan diteruskan," katanya dalam kenyataan hari ini susulan perkembangan terbaru berhubung RM2.6 bilion yang diterima Najib serta wang tunai dan barangan berharga lain yang dirampas dari kediamannya dan premis lain baru-baru ini. - Bernama


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SOURCE: 
http://www.kosmo.com.my/negara/tiada-pendakwaan-terpilih-1.686922


Tiada pendakwaan terpilih

Tommy Thomas tumpu prosiding kes 1MDB, mansuh undang-undang menindas


Tommy (depan) tiba di pejabat Jabatan Peguam Negara di Putrajaya

Tommy (depan) tiba di pejabat Jabatan Peguam Negara di Putrajaya semalam untuk melapor diri dan memulakan tugas sebagai Peguam Negara.

PUTRAJAYA – Peguam Negara yang baharu, Tommy Thomas menegaskan beliau tidak akan mengamalkan pendakwaan secara terpilih sepanjang mengendalikan tugasnya itu.
Tegas beliau, sesiapa saja yang melanggar undang-undang akan menerima hukuman.
“Saya berjanji akan melakukan tindakan yang betul, adil dan saksama,” katanya kepada pemberita di lobi pejabat Jabatan Peguam Negara di sini semalam.
Tommy berkata, beliau menggariskan tiga fokus utama dalam perkhidmatannya termasuk siasatan berhubung skandal 1Malaysia Development (1MDB).
“Saya perlu mengkaji kertas siasatan skandal berkenaan terlebih dahulu. Kita akan me­laksanakan prosiding jenayah dan sivil di mahkamah terhadap mereka yang didakwa melakukan kesalahan.
“Semuanya sama rata di sisi undang-undang dan tidak ada sesiapa yang akan tertinggal dan dilindungi,” katanya.





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