FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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28 July 2013

EGYPT Political Crisis: 70 Morsi supporters shot dead by security forces !


http://www.nst.com.my/latest/font-color-red-egypt-update-font-70-morsi-supporters-shot-dead-by-security-forces-1.327676  (28 July 2013)

CAIRO: Egyptian security forces shot dead at least 70 supporters of ousted President Mohammed Morsi early on Saturday, his Muslim Brotherhood said, deepening the turmoil which has convulsed Egypt for weeks.

Brotherhood spokesman Gehad El-Haddad said the shooting started shortly before pre-dawn morning prayers on the fringes of a round-the-clock vigil being staged by backers of Morsi, who was toppled by the army more than three weeks ago.
“They are not shooting to wound, they are shooting to kill,” Haddad said, adding that the death toll might be much higher.
Al Jazeera’s Egypt television station reported that 120 had been killed and some 4,500 injured in the early morning violence on the fringes of a round-the-clock vigil being staged by backers of Morsi near Cairo’s Rabaa al-Adawia mosque.
Reporters at the scene said firing could still be heard hours after the troubles started.
“I have been trying to make the youth withdraw for five hours. I can’t. They are saying have paid with their blood and they do not want to retreat,” said Saad el-Hosseini, a senior Brotherhood politician.
“It is a first attempt to clear Rabaa al-Adawia,” he added.
There was no immediate comment from state authorities on what had happened.
Supporters and opponents of Morsi staged mass rival rallies across the country on Friday, bringing hundreds of thousands into the streets and laying bare deep divisions within the Arab world’s most populous country.       Well over 200 people have died in violence since the overthrow of Morsi, including at least nine on Friday, most of them Brotherhood supporters.
Army chief General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, who played a central role in the overthrow of Morsi following huge demonstrations against his year-long rule, called for Egyptians to rally on Friday to give him a mandate to tackle “violence and terrorism”.     Hundreds of thousands heeded his call, but Muslim Brotherhood supporters also staged mass, counter-rallies, demanding the reinstatement of Morsi, who was placed under investigation on Friday for a raft of crimes, including murder.
Asked what the strategy of the Brotherhood would be after the second mass killing of its supporters this month by security forces, Haddad said:     “When there are divisions, we go to the ballot box.”      Haddad said police started firing repeated rounds of teargas sometime after 3:00 a.m. (0100 GMT) at protesters who had spilled out of the main area of the Rabaa sit-in and were on a main thoroughfare close to 6th October Bridge.
“Through the smog of the gas, the bullets started flying,” he said. In addition to “special police forces in black uniforms” firing live rounds, he said that snipers shot from the roofs of a university, buildings in the area, and a bridge.
State news agency MENA quoted an unnamed security source as saying that only teargas was used to disperse protesters. He said no firearms were used.
Haddad said the pro-Morsi supporters had used rocks to try to defend themselves. On the podium outside the Rabaa mosque, a speaker urged people to retreat from the gunfire, but “men stayed to defend themselves because women and children are inside the sit-in”, he said.
It was the second time this month there had been a mass killing near Rabaa. On July 8, 53 people died when armed men shot into a crowd after morning prayers close to a Republican Guard compound in the area.
“This is much more brutal because the Republican Guard looked like a tactical military operation. This one looks like a much more brutal aggression,” Haddad said.
Egypt’s army-installed interior minister, Mohamed Ibrahim, said on Friday that the month-old Cairo vigils by Mursi supporters would be “brought to an end, soon and in a legal manner”, state-run al Ahram news website reported.
There is deepening alarm in the West over the army’s move against Morsi. The country of 84 million people forms a bridge between the Middle East and North Africa and receives US$1.5 billion a year in mainly military aid from Washington.
The investigation into Mursi centres on accusations that he conspired with the Palestinian Islamist group Hamas to escape from jail during the 2011 uprising against veteran autocrat Hosni Mubarak, killing some prisoners and officers, kidnapping soldiers and torching buildings. --  REUTERS

[*COMMENT: SO to divert attention of the media the reality that military COUP by the Army chief General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi , the now ruling army chief launched an 'investigation' into Mursi alleged connection with the Hamas group.... BUT the people are NOT so easily fool !!  Abdel Fattah's army has killed many innocent citizens NOW, and the killing continues.


Doctors treat a supporter of Egypt's ousted President Mohammed Morsi injured during clashes with security forces at Nasr City, where pro-Morsi protesters have held a weeks-long sit-in, in a field hospital in Cairo, Egypt, Saturday, July 27, 2013. Overnight clashes between security forces and supporters of Morsi in east Cairo left scores of protesters dead and hundreds injured following a day of massive pro-military rallies backing a tough hand against Morsi’s backers and the Muslim Brotherhood group from which he hails. (AP Photo/Manu Brabo


Read more: EGYPT UPDATE: 70 Morsi supporters shot dead by security forces - Latest - New Straits Times http://www.nst.com.my/latest/font-color-red-egypt-update-font-70-morsi-supporters-shot-dead-by-security-forces-1.327676#ixzz2aJ1zdESr


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http://bm.harakahdaily.net/index.php/headline/21050-kekejaman-tentera-mesir-mesti-ditentang-habis-habisan  (28 July 2013)

Kekejaman tentera Mesir mesti ditentang habis-habisan

Harakahdaily,28 Jul 2013
KUALA LUMPUR: Sekretariat Himpunan Ulama Rantau Asia (Shura) dan Majlis Perundingan Pertubuhan Islam Malaysia (Mapim) mengecam dan mengutuk dengan keras pembunuhan sekali lagi rakyat Mesir oleh tentera yang berlaku pada Jumaat, baru-baru ini.

“Tindakan terbaru oleh tentera Mesir ini tidak dapat dikompromi sama sekali,” tegas Pengerusi Shura, Abdul Ghani Samsudin dan Presiden Mapim, Mohd Azmi Abdul Hamid dalam kenyataan bersama.

Bagi mereka, ia adalah isyarat jelas bahawa demokrasi yang diperjuangkan oleh Revolusi 25 Jun 2011 sudah dirampas oleh tentera.

Menurut mereka, pada hakikatnya tentera tidak pernah memihak kepada rakyat kerana institusi tentera sejak Mesir merdeka dari sistem monarki telah menjadi komponen yang selama ini hanya memelihara kepentingan golongan elit pegawai tinggi yang menjadi budak kepada kuasa Barat terutama Amerika Syarikat untuk mencengkam dan menindas rakyat dengan zalim.

Kenyataan penuh Shura dan Mapim sebagaimana di bawah.

Sekretariat Himpunan Ulama Rantau Asia (Shura) dan Majlis Perundingan Pertubuhan Islam Malaysia (Mapim) mengecam dan mengutuk dengan keras  pembunuhan sekali lagi rakyat Mesir oleh tentera yang berlaku pada  Jumaat baru-baru ini.

Tindakan terbaru oleh tentera Mesir ini tidak dapat dikompromi sama sekali. Ia adalah isyarat jelas bahawa demokrasi yang diperjuangkan oleh Revolusi 25 Jun 2011 sudah dirampas oleh tentera.

Pada hakikatnya tentera tidak pernah memihak kepada rakyat kerana institusi tentera sejak Mesir merdeka dari sistem monarki telah menjadi komponen yang selama ini hanya memelihara kepentingan golongan elit pegawai tinggi yang menjadi budak kepada kuasa Barat terutama Amerika Syarikat untuk mencengkam dan menindas rakyat dengan zalim.

Tentera yang bergabung dan berkospirasi dengan kehakiman, golongan liberal dan sekular serta Kristian Koptik dan kelompok mafia tamarroud adalah bertanggungjawab di atas pembunuhan ini.

Atas alasan menolak pemerintahan Ikhwan Muslimin, mereka menerima bantuan Amerika untuk mengguling Morsi dan membunuh rakyat Mesir.

Tentera yang mengguna kononnya mandat dari rakyat dalam perhimpunan anti Morsi yang didalangi oleh tentera sendiri di Tahrir Square telah dengan sengaja menyerang peserta perhimpunan pro Morsi di kawasan Universiti Al-Azhar menjelang waktu sahur pada Jumaat tersebut.

Kini angka kematian meningkat kepada lebih 100 orang dan lebih 1,000 cedera dalam insiden Jumaat itu akibat serangan tembakan rambang tentera dengan peluru hidup  ke arah peserta demonstrasi.

Jelas tentera kini terang-terangan mahu mencetuskan perang sivil dengan rakyat sendiri yang boleh mengheret Mesir ke arah situasi seperti Syria.

Ketua tentera, Fatteh Al-Sisi yang melantik dirinya sebagai Menteri Pertahanan selepas menggulingkan Morsi juga telah secara terbuka mengistiharkan akan ‘membersihkan’ Mesir dari ‘teroris’ yang ditujukan kepada Ikhwan Muslimin dan penyokong Morsi.

Dengan tindakan membunuh rakyat Mesir sendiri melalui serangan brutal ke atas peserta yang tidak mempunyai sebarang daya berhadapan dengan tentera Mesir yang dilengkapi dengan senapang, keretal kebal dan pemancut gas dan air pancut yang  beracun, bermakna peralihan kepada demokrasi yang diidamkan oleh rakyat Mesir hancur samas ekali.

Sangat jelas kelompok anti Islam didalangi oleh tentera dan kuasa luar untuk menolak kemenangan Mohammad Morsi yang terpilih secara pilihanraya yang demokratik. Ini sangat jelas membuktikan demokrasi yang dilaksanakan tentera adalah demokrasi penuh hipokrasi.

Dengan melakukan jenayah paling hina iaitu membunuh rakyat sendiri yang menuntut demokrasi di kembalikan selepas piliharan parlimen dan Presiden Mesir telah memenangkan calon-calon Ikhwan Muslimin, ternyata tentera yang menerima lebih USD1 bilion daripada US setiap tahun menjadi alat untuk membunuh demokrasi yang memihak kepada kelompok  Islam.

Kami mendesak komuniti antarabangsa jangan mendiamkan diri. Rakyat Mesir tidak boleh dibiarkan dibunuh dengan zalim dan mereka yang bertanggungjawab dibiarkan terlepas dari dihukum.

Kami menegaskan Ketua Tentera Mesir mesti dipertanggungjawabkan di atas pembunuhan kejam tersebut dan beliau perlu dibicarakan atas kesalahan jenayah membunuh dan genosid.

Kami menuntut Malaysia mengantungkan hubungan diplomatiknya dengan Mesir untuk menyampaikan mesej yang tegas bahawa tindakan tentera Mesir tidak boleh diterima sama sekali.

Kami bertegas bahawa tuntutan rakyat Mesir untuk Morsi dibebaskan dan beliau dikembalikan sebagai Presiden yang sah adalah tuntutan yang wajar disokong oleh seluruh masyarakat dunia.

Kami mengusulkan gerakan Islam sedunia bersidang segera untuk merumuskan tindakan yang berkesan untuk menghalang pertumpahan darah berterusan di Mesir