FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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14 March 2016

Alien Looking Fish in Malaysia !



http://www.hmetro.com.my/node/121905#foto

Terpancing ikan hodoh




Hazsyah Abdul Rahman 

hmkk@hmetro.com.my
Tungku: Seorang nelayan terkejut apabila mata kail dilemparkan ketika memancing dimamah sejenis ikan pelik memiliki rupa hodoh seakan-akan raksasa selain bergigi taring seperti piranha.
Menurut Mohd Japar Asan, 50, hasil tangkapannya kali ini begitu mengejutkan kerana kali pertama menemui ikan berkenaan ketika memancing di perairan Bohiyan di sini, berhampiran Pulau Gaya.
“Saya bersama seorang lagi rakan bergerak ke perairan itu kira-kira jam 10 pagi untuk memancing. Tidak lama kemudian, umpan saya mengena dan ketika menarik pancing untuk melihat hasil tangkapan terkejut melihat spesies ikan sangat hodoh dengan wajah menakutkan,” katanya ketika ditemui di rumahnya di Kampung Mundas Mini Estet Sejahtera (MESEJ) Tungku, kelmarin.
Katanya, rakannya juga mengalami situasi sama apabila umpannya turut dimakan spesies sama.
“Ini kali pertama saya melihat ikan jenis itu dan tidak pernah menemuinya sepanjang memancing di sekitar perairan itu sejak 40 tahun lalu,” katanya.
Menurutnya, sebaik memperoleh tiga ikan sama, dia dan rakannya mengambil keputusan pulang berikutan bimbang berlaku perkara buruk.
“Ini kali pertama saya memancing ikan berbentuk raksasa dengan gigi taring yang menakutkan.
“Ikan itu dibawa pulang dan diserahkan kepada rakan kerana tidak berani memakannya,” katanya.
Katanya, ketika ke laut tengah hari semalam, dia turut memperoleh ikan sama sebanyak empat ekor.
“Saya sangka spesies ini hanya singgah sebentar ke kawasan ini, tetapi meleset apabila memperoleh ikan sama ketika memancing pagi tadi (semalam).
“Tiga ekor ikan itu saya berikan kepada jiran manakala seekor lagi disimpan di rumah,” katanya.
Jiran Mohd Japar, Habiburahman Datu Jamaluddin, 35, berkata, dia ada menyimpan seekor ikan dipancing lelaki berkenaan kerana jarang ditemui selain rupanya yang pelik.
Artikel ini disiarkan pada : Jumaat, 11 Mac 2016 @ 7:05 AM
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IKAN raksaksa yang ditangkap nelayan.




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