FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

17 March 2016

FAKE UNHCR CARDS !!


Source:
https://sg.news.yahoo.com/two-days-rm120-plus-cab-030521495.html?nhp=1




NST undercover: Two days, RM 120 and I'm a UNHCR refugee


Tasnim Lokman 
March 17, 2016

IT is a matter of choice for the thousands making a beeline for their fake UNHCR cards. But the more they cough up for the document, the more genuine it looks.
Syndicates offering these cards that basically give illegal immigrants in the country some level of immunity from being rounded up by the authorities are fast expanding their trade from Kuala Lumpur to Kuantan, Alor Star and Ipoh.
The demand for them is so high that it is no longer pricey to get hold of one. You just need to know one person in the chain.
A Rohingya refugee I had befriended, who is also part of the trade, agreed to get me one.
My name had no value to him. He told me he would pluck a name from the Malaysian chapter of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees’ (UNHCR) database.
He only needed my passport photo, a RM120 fee and another RM30 for cab fare.
Two days later, thanks to a syndicate operating in the city centre, I was “Rabiah binti Zabul Karim”, 32, a Rohingya refugee.
My agent tells me bluntly that I am sharing an identity with a few other Rohingyas.
Those in possession of similar cards will hold on to it for dear life until it expires. Mine, which was supposedly issued on Sept 7, 2014, expires on Sept 10, 2018. I will have to seek his services again if I wanted to remain in this country without valid papers after that.
I spoke to several people holding these fake cards. They said the card was temporary, to be used until UNCHR issued them with the real thing.
But they agreed that their paperless Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Indonesian friends, who are now being pursued by the Immigration Department, are proud owners too.
They are happy to know that the authorities dealing with them do not have data on the cards and will never be able to tell real from fake.
Later, I sat down with Brickfields Head of Crime Investigation Department Deputy Superintendent Tonny Lunggan, who was involved in efforts to smoke out fake UNHCR card holders, and whipped out my gleaming new card, which came complete with anti-forgery features.
He nearly fell off his chair in disbelief.
In his years of experience dealing with “fake refugees”, he had never seen one that was so convincing. The hologram, in particular, piqued his interest.
He told me that if he were to call UNHCR up, and checked my fake details against the world body’s database, the answer he would get was that yes, the office had issued the card to this person in front of him.
In cases where enforcement is carried out, the authorities are often left unable to carry out proper due diligence.
If I were a real illegal immigrant hiding behind my UNHCR card, this police officer in front of me will let me go, just like he has countless times before.
You see, there is no way our authorities can put the fake name to a real face, as the UNHCR database is apparently “confidential”, even to our authorities struggling to differentiate those unilaterally sanctioned by the body to stay in this country without valid papers and outright illegal immigrants.
Tonny told me that the only way to sort out fake card holders from real refugees was to round all of them up and haul them to the UNHCR compound for verification.
This is only plausible if they conduct joint operations with the Immigration Department.
© New Straits Times Press (M) Bhd