FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

14 March 2016

Court Ordered Orachorn Thephasadin & Family to Pay 30 Million Baht for Reckless Driving !!




Source:
http://www.hmetro.com.my/node/96072

Remaja diarah bayar pampasan RM3.55 juta


Bangkok: Sebuah mahkamah di sini semalam mengarahkan keluarga remaja perempuan yang terbabit dalam kemalangan jalan raya yang menyebabkan sembilan orang maut dan empat lagi cedera membayar pampasan berjumlah 30 juta baht (RM3.55 juta) kepada mangsa.
Remaja itu, Orachorn Thephasadin Ayudhya yang memandu sebuah kereta Honda Civic melanggar belakang sebuah van penumpang di atas jejambat di lebuh raya Din Daeng-Don Muang pada 27 Disember 2010.
Ketika kejadian Orachorn berusia 16 tahun dan tidak mempunyai lesen memandu.
Kemalangan itu menyebabkan van berkenaan terbabas dan melanggar besi penghadang jalan sebelum terhumban ke bawah jejambat.
Pada 2011, Orachorn didakwa memandu tanpa lesen, memandu dengan cuai hingga menyebabkan kematian dan menggunakan telefon bimbit ketika memandu.
Mahkamah semalam turut mengarahkan keluarga Orachorn membayar pampasan berkenaan kerana ibu bapanya gagal memantau anak mereka itu.
Seramai 28 plaintif terdiri daripada keluarga mangsa yang maut dan mangsa yang cedera memfailkan saman bagi menuntut pampasan dari Orachorn.
Mahkamah mengarahkan bayaran pampasan dari 4,000 baht (RM473) hingga 1.8 juta baht (RM212,859) termasuk faedah untuk setiap mangsa terbabit. - Agensi
Artikel ini disiarkan pada : Jumaat, 27 November 2015 @ 6:59 A
M
ORACHORN


.
Posted by at