FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

05 March 2016



Comment:

Of ALL the development goals and achievements in terms of economic and political transformations, China's government and ruling party should do MORE for social reforms and social JUSTICE.

The Tibetans are their OWN people, and as such, should be treated as a respected CITIZEN.

USA and other developed nations should pressure China into respecting and recognizing HUMAN RIGHTS for its own citizens.


--------------------------------------------------------------

Source:
https://sg.news.yahoo.com/tibetan-schoolboy-set-himself-alight-dies-india-083902779.html?nhp=1


Tibetan schoolboy who set himself alight dies in India

AFP News
March 4, 2016


 A Tibetan schoolboy living in India has died four days after setting himself on fire to protest Chinese rule, the hospital treating him said Friday.
Dorje Tsering died from a cardiac arrest late on Thursday at the hospital where he was taken after setting himself ablaze at a housing settlement for Tibetan refugees in the northern city of Dehradun on Monday.
"He died last night around nine," hospital spokeswoman Poonam Dhanda told AFP, refusing to comment further.
The 16-year-old said from his hospital bed he had a "strong determination to do something for Tibet since my childhood", according to a translation from Free Tibet.
The London-based advocacy group said the teenager was the eighth Tibetan to mount such a protest outside China.
His death came after an 18-year-old Tibetan monk in China self-immolated on Monday to protest Beijing's ironclad control of the Himalayan region.
Radio Free Asia (RFA), which is funded by the US government, said the monk's action was the first such protest in China this year, and brought the total number in the country to 144.
Tens of thousands of Tibetans refugees live in Indian settlements, the biggest of which is in southern Karnataka state.
Their presence and that of exiled spiritual leader the Dalai Lama are an irritant in relations between India and China.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.hmetro.com.my/node/48274

‘Nak bayar hutang ibu’

Agensi
Purwokerto, Indonesia: Setiap kali pulang dari sekolah, seorang gadis berusia 11 tahun ini akan menukar pakaiannya sebelum keluar menuju ke satu persimpangan lampu isyarat di bandar ini.
Dewi Anggraeni bukannya pergi bermain seperti rakan sebaya yang lain sebaliknya dia menghampiri setiap kereta untuk meminta sedekah.
Walaupun masih kecil, tetapi Dewi terpaksa mencari wang semata-mata untuk membayar hutang arwah ibunya.
Kisah malang gadis ini bermula apabila bapanya, Wiyatno meninggal dunia ketika dia kecil sebelum ibunya, Maryati pula meninggal dunia kira-kira sebulan yang lalu akibat penyakit radang paru-paru.
Ketika ibunya sakit, wanita itu meminjam wang berjumlah Rp6 juta (RM1,658) untuk membeli ubat.
Bagaimanapun, selepas ibunya meninggal dunia, beban hutang itu kini terpaksa ditanggung oleh Dewi.
Dewi yang kini tinggal bersama jirannya berkata, setiap kali selepas bersekolah, dia akan pergi meminta sedekah bagi melunaskan hutang ibunya itu.
“Biasanya saya meminta sedekah dari jam 3 petang hingga jam 8 malam setiap hari.
“Saya memperoleh wang Rp70,000 (RM19.35) hasil meminta sedekah tetapi kadangkala kurang daripada itu.
“Wang ini saya gunakan untuk membayar hutang ibu,” katanya ketika ditemui wartawan detik news.
Sementara itu, jiran Dewi, Sriwati berkata, gadis itu akan pulang lewat malam sekiranya gagal memperoleh pendapatan lebih Rp70,000.
“Dewi memerlukan wang sebanyak itu untuk membayar hutang. Sekiranya gagal dia akan duduk di tepi jalan sambil menangis,” ujarnya.
Artikel ini disiarkan pada : Isnin, 4 Mei 2015 @ 8:29 AM
DEWI kelihatan malu ketika ditemu ramah wartawan






Posted by at